Types Of Leadership Traits And Effective Leadership Styles...

In the world we live in today, it is very common to wonder how life skills are taught outside of the home. Most children and young adults need the proper guidance and direction to live a better life. Counselors, mentors, and advisors are community leaders that set an example and possess the knowledge to influence the betterment of others. A true leader is one who has the power, passion, and ability to guide others in the right direction. Leadership is having the control and will power to direct any group of people towards a common goal. There are several types of leadership traits and effective leadership styles that will be best for different situations. If leadership was easy, everyone would be doing it. Leadership requires more than just a few hopeful words and promises. It takes passionate and knowledgeable individuals to strive for greatness and lead others to do the same. According to the author Linda Tyler in the newspaper Imprinting Leadership she stated, â€Å"The research ers distilled leadership to four behaviors: solving problems effectively, operating with a strong results orientation, seeking different perspectives, and supporting others† (3). The author is saying there is a specific approach that requires different ways of thinking about leadership behavior. There are at least six traits that any prosperous leader must have to provide effective leadership. Commitment, honesty, communication, creativity, confidence, and a positive attitude are the traits that areShow MoreRelatedLeadership Theories1065 Words   |  5 PagesLEADERSHIP THEORIES. 1. Great Man Theories: Have you ever heard someone described as born to lead? According to this point of view, great leaders are simply born with the necessary internal characteristics such as charisma, confidence, intelligence, and social skills that make them natural-born leaders. Great man theories assume that the capacity for leadership is inherent – that great leaders are born, not made. These theories often portray great leaders as heroic, mythic and destined toRead MoreLeadership Is An Effective Leader1315 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership is the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals. There are many different types of leadership, all with their own appropriate time and place for use. An effective leader can be successful in all settings; it is important to develop a well-rounded skill set to combat different leadership roadblocks. When one thinks of a leader in a business organization, most likely they are thinking of formal leader. Sometimes this type of leader is referred to asRead MoreDefinition And Definition Of Leadership1426 Words   |  6 PagesIn chapter one, the concept and definition of leadership was introduced and according to the text, more than one hundred definitions of leadership have been i dentified by scholars and academic studies. What is clear is that leadership requires certain skills and traits of an individual that give them the ability to influence others in a way that motivates them to work toward and accomplish a common objective and goal effectively. While most traits seem to be somewhat inborn and natural to mostRead MoreLeadership Model That Deals With Team Performance Outcomes1242 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Leadership can be defined as a process by which one individual influences others toward the attainment of group or organizational goals. Three point about the definition of leadership should be emphasized. First, leadership is a social influence process. Leadership cannot exist without a leader and one or more followers. Second, leadership elicits voluntary action on the part of followers. The voluntary nature of compliance separates leadership from other types of influence based on formal authorityRead MoreLeadership Styles And What Would Work For An Organization873 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership Style Self-Assessment Being the leader of any organization shows you have the ability to dominant and control others. This being said there are many theories and studies that have been done to determine different leadership styles and what would work for an organization. Many of these studies have shown participative leadership is the most effective style, but leaders need to change the way they solve problems based on that specific situation. (De Poel, Stoker, Van der Zee, 2012). AccordingRead MoreThe Contingency Approach : Strategic Leadership And The Implications Of The Main Contingency Models On Different Management1069 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The contingency approach to leadership is the need for the leaders to be formable in their superior choice of leadership styles based on their situation thus if the leaders first attempt is to influence the group is failed ,the next suggested action will be to adopt a different style of leadership which is more compatible with the situation. Current theories and models of leadership explain the influence of position upon the satisfaction and performance of employees. While dissentingRead MoreLeadership Styles Essay1205 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership Styles LDR/531 Organizational Leadership Leadership Styles Leaders have a â€Å"the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals† (Robbins amp; Judge, 2007, p. 402). In the past leaders have been described by certain traits or characteristics. These traits can help an organization identify potential candidates who may be strong leaders. Later behavior approaches of leaders were identified that could be taught. In short, leaders could be made. SituationsRead MoreLeadership Theories And Concepts Of Leadership1712 Words   |  7 Pagessubject of effective leadership. The review of the literature indicates that there are a number of elements which impact effective leadership. In an organization, when these elements are implemented, they contribute negatively or positively to the delivery of the organizational goals and directives. Subsequently we must first start with analyzing all relative theories and concepts of leadership. Interest in leadership increased during the early part of the twentieth century. Early leadership theoriesRead MoreLaissez Faire And Transformational Leadership Styles Essay1615 Words   |  7 PagesComparatively, Laissez-faire leadership is a great contrast to transactional and transformational leadership styles as defined by Cherry, K. (2016) Laissez-faire leadership, also known as delegative leadership, is a type of leadership style in which leaders are hands-off and allow group members to make the decisions. Because of this, researchers have found that this is generally the leadership style that leads to the lowest productivity among group members. Laissez-faire is often characterised by:Read MoreA Research Study Of Nestle Being The Largest And Global Food And Beverage Retailer Based1466 Words   |  6 Pagesthat individuals, groups and structure have on behaviour within organisations. This research report encapsulates the concepts about leadership, behavioural theories, their effectiveness. It will also discuss organisational structures and their impact and effectiveness within an organisation. Culture shapes an organisation .the report will also include the different types of cultures and how they develop an organisation’s effectiveness. The core of the research is the study of nestle being the largest

Special Education a Look at the History - 1279 Words

Special Education: A Look at the History Tracy Len Baier November 23, 2011 Abstract The purpose of this paper is to address the historical landmarks and legislation that have formed and created our current special education system. We will take a journey from the start of public education and its exclusion of special needs students to the current push for inclusion of all students learning within a general education classroom. The author will also share some of the pros and cons of current educational legislation with regard to Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and No Child Left Behind (NCLB) and how it will effect special education in the future. The past and present attitudes of the public, with regard†¦show more content†¦In 2001, the Legislature passed No Child Left Behind (NCLB) that established the requirement for all schools to use highly qualified teachers and appropriate curriculum that would allow for all students to be competent in all subject areas. This legislation also establishes requirements for schools and states t hat if schools cannot meet minimum educational progress then they will be subject to restructuring. Educational opportunities for special education students have improved greatly over the past fifty years, and should continue to grow in the years to come. The individual lawsuits filed established precedence for the rights of students with disabilities and federal legislation established specific guidelines and educational opportunities that were not available before. IDEA let parents participate in the direction of their children’s educations by allowing them to be included in all meetings and allowing them to request services and testing. One of the biggest changes in the educational process of special education is the aspect of inclusion. Previously special education students were placed in self-contained classes away from the general population of students. Now students are included in general education classes asShow MoreRelatedHistory of Special Education1367 Words    |  6 PagesAbstract This paper will discuss the history of special education including a timeline of the significant events that happens in the history of special education. It would further discuss the laws associated with Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Furthermore, this paper will address the current and future challenges the laws have on special education. All children are created differently with different talents and abilities. Some are tall, others are short. Some are big, othersRead MoreHistory of Special Education1216 Words   |  5 PagesHistory of Special Education The field of education has been around for a very long time, but special education has not always been around. In fact, for many years it wasn’t even accepted in the world of education. In the past, students with special needs were often not allowed to go to public school because of their disabilities. However, in today’s world, they have a right to free public education and most of the time benefit greatly from some of the resources that are available. Special educationRead MoreSpecial Students With Disabilities And Culturally Diverse Needs862 Words   |  4 Pagestogether to build a better system going forward† (Freedman, 2012). Special educators face many ethical and moral challenges everyday. There are three areas challenge a special educators morals and ethics: inclusion, serving students with disabilities and culturally diverse needs, and access to grade appropriate general education curriculum for students with severe intellectual disabilities. Before discussing the present, let us look at the past to understand the future. During the 1970s, it is estimatedRead MorePeople with Disabilities1124 Words   |  5 PagesFrom the beginning of human history to the 1700s, people with disabilities were often treated badly or even killed for being different. Typically shunned by early societies, (Special Education, 2014) people with disabilities were pushed aside, abandoned as babies, or even tortured for being different (Raymond, 2012). Stigma associated with difference and superstition often convinced people that cognitive or physical differences were the work of demons and that these people needed to be executedRead MoreAttitude, Legislation and Litigation1049 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: ATTITUDE, LEGISLATION, AND LITIGATION Attitude, Legislation, and Litigation Tammie Johnson Grand Canyon University: SPE 226 April 1, 2012 Attitude, Legislation, and Litigation The education of students with disabilities has changed over the years. During the B.C. era students with disabilities were consider a disgrace, were shun by society, and the Greek philosopher Aristotle openly declared, â€Å"As to the exposure and rearing of children, let there be a law that no deformedRead MoreEssay about History of Special Education1088 Words   |  5 PagesHistory of Special Education The recent history of special education began in 1975 when Congress passed the Education for all Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA). The law was renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education act (IDEA) in 1990. These laws made it mandatory for schools to meet the special needs of all students. Special education was around prior to 1975, but in most cases in a very different manner than it is today. Special education in its earliest form usually happened in theRead MoreQuestions On Multicultural Education : The Material Presented Goes Along With Our Weekly Reading Assignments998 Words   |  4 Pagesassignments in the Koppelman text. I have been learning ways of incorporating these topics into teaching and in my curriculum. I will be highlighting the presentations of Sarah, Virginia, Jessica and Ericka. Sarah Sponsel’s topic was multicultural education. Caleb Rosado shares that a school can be multicultural based on whether or not it uses the Five Ps. The five Ps are perspectives, policies, programs, personnel, and practices. The schools must also implement the four imperatives. The imperativesRead MoreSchool Schools Vs. Public Schools1311 Words   |  6 Pagesgive their child the best education. The two major style of schooling is public and private schools. Public schools are schools that are set up and run by the government. Private schools are schools that are privately owned and are not controlled by the government. Both schools have positive and negative aspects. There are many factors to look at when choosing the best school. When choosing a school one must look at admission policy, learning styles, school environment, special needs, and college admissionsRead MoreHow Can An Early Years Setting Support The Needs Of Children With Speech Language And Communication Needs 1116 Words   |  5 Pagesassignment aims to explore Special Educational Needs (SEN) in the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) with a focus on Speech, Language and communication needs (SLCN). This will be researched by having a brief look at the History of SEN including Legislation and the Warnock Report 1978 and the 1981 Education Act as according to the House of Commons Education and Skills Committee Special Educational Needs review â€Å"The Warnock Report in 1978, Followed by the 1981 Education Act, Radically changed theRead MoreSpecial Education For Students With Disabilities1466 Words   |  6 PagesSpecial Education in early childhood classrooms are a privilege for students. Parents or guardians need to be educated on the special education laws, referrals, and evaluation process. As educators we need to advocate to parents or guardians that special education is not a location, but a service to help children reach their full potential in the classroom and as a citizen of society. The earlier the intervention for a child the greater the chance the child will succeed. The United States has

International Society of Urological Pathology

Question: Discuss about the International Society of Urological Pathology. Answer: Introduction: Blood tests are used to establish presence of testicular tumors. Many testicular cancers develop hormones which can be detected in the blood examinations (Stang et al., 2013). Several testicular tumors produce high levels of tumors markers proteins such as Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFB) (Stang et al., 2013).When these hormones tests positive in blood, it suggests presence of testicular cancer. The increase in the AFB indicates that the tumor has a non seminoma component. In addition, testicular cancer can raise the levels of lactate dehydrogenase LDH. It is done as the first step to confirm if Perry has testicular cancer. The test utilizes the sound waves which develops images of the internal tissues (Stang et al., 2013). The transducer produces sound waves and picks up the echoes while they bounce off the testicle (Verrill, et al., 2017). The mainframe will then develop images from these patterns of echoes. These particular patterns can be utilized to differentiate some conditions of benign such as hydrocele from a tumor which could have developed in Tyson testicle. If the lump is solid, there is high possibility that it is a cancer. Anatomy and Pathology Testicles are enclosed by tough, stringy layers of tissue termed the tunica. The epididymis connects to a long, outsized duct referred to as the vas deferens (Wymer et al., 2017). Everytesticleis detained in the scrotumwith a spermatic cord. When one is suspected having testicular cancer, two types of germ cell tumors are determined. Lumps in the testicles can arise due to many factors. In inguinal hernias the section of the bowel pokes via groin can make scrotum to become distended.However, varicoceles swellings are caused by enlarged and swollen veins in the scrotum. When the fluid builds up in the testicular, it causes hydroceles and further causes an inflammation called epididymal orchitis (Verrill, et al., 2017). The pain in the lower abdomen is experienced when the cancer cells have spread to lymph glands called Para-aortic lymph glands at the back of the stomach. At stage II of testicular cancer, the cancer cells have invaded tissues that are next to the testicle, and also found in at least one nearby lymph node (Stang et al., 2013). The levels of the Tumor marker can be normal or a little elevated. The malignant changes of carcinoma in situ are featured by a growth beyond the basement membrane which replaces the several testicular parenchyma. The lymphatic spread is the known cause of metastasis via the spermatic cord lympatics (Verrill, et al., 2017). The best treatment for stage II testicular cancer is surgery to remove the testicle which can then be followed by addition therapies (Wymer et al., 2017). For the case of Tyson, orchiectomy is performed where a sample of blood shall be collected prior to surgery to check for levels of serum tumor markers due to the fact that they are frequently useful in treatment planning and follow-up care (Wymer et al., 2017). For instance, constantly or rising high beta-hCG or AFP after surgery will be an indication that the cancer has multiply to the nearby tissues (Ostrowski et al., 2015). Surgery for testicular cancer encompasses the elimination of the tumor and some nearby healthy tissue at the time of an operation. A cut is made on top of the pubic hair, the testicle is tenderly removed from the scrotum via the made opening (Ostrowski et al., 2015). An incision is made via the spermatic cord which joins the testicle to the abdomen. The blood and lymph vessels are tied off in the spermatic co rd untimely and some cautions are made to avoid the cells of the cancers from spreading to the ext tissues. Nursing intervention Terry will be psychologically disrupted due to the removal of his testicle which led to low sex drive (Stang et al., 2013). Nurses have a big role to play here where they should try to teach him on what should be done to retrieve his sex activeness through proper eating and medications. However, as a way to make him psychologically stable, they should counsel the two couples on how to manage the condition. In addition, Terrys girlfriend should be advised on how to handle Terry so that he might not end up in stress. The goal is to offer good healing process to Terry after surgery. One of the side effects of the surgery is the low sex drive (Ostrowski et al., 2015). Terry will not be in position to have sex the way he had before and the issue might affect him bit socially and psychologically. He might not in position to offer conjugal rights to his girl friend and this could bring break up or even unfaithfulness between them. Reference Albers, P., Albrecht, W., Algaba, F., Bokemeyer, C., Cohn-Cedermark, G., Fizazi, K., Horwich, A., Laguna, M.P., Nicolai, N. and Oldenburg, J., 2015. Guidelines on testicular cancer: 2015 update.European urology,68(6), pp.1054-1068. Glaser, A.P., Bowen, D.K., Lindgren, B.W. and Meeks, J.J., 2017. Robot-assisted retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RA-RPLND) in the adolescent population.Journal of Pediatric Urology. Lusch, A., Gerbaulet, L., Winter, C. and Albers, P., 2017. Primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) in Stage II A/B seminoma patients without adjuvant treatment: A phase II trial (PRIMETEST).European Urology Supplements,16(3), p.e1899. Ostrowski, K.A. and Walsh, T.J., 2015. Infertility with testicular cancer.Urologic Clinics of North America,42(3), pp.409-420. Sardesai, S.D., Sonnenburg, D., Hanna, N., Brames, M.J., Case-Eads, S.L. and Einhorn, L.H., 2015. Barriers to sperm banking in testicular cancer survivors. Stang, A., Jansen, L., Trabert, B., Rusner, C., Eberle, A., Katalinic, A., Emrich, K., Holleczek, B., Brenner, H. and GEKID Cancer Survival Working Group, 2013. Survival after a diagnosis of testicular germ cell cancers in Germany and the United States, 20022006: a high resolution study by histology and age.Cancer epidemiology,37(4), pp.492-497. Verrill, C., Yilmaz, A., Srigley, J.R., Amin, M.B., Comprat, E., Egevad, L., Ulbright, T.M., Tickoo, S.K., Berney, D.M. and Epstein, J.I., 2017. Reporting and Staging of Testicular Germ Cell Tumors: The International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Testicular Cancer Consultation Conference Recommendations.The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. Wymer, K.M., Pearce, S.M., Harris, K.T., Pierorazio, P.M., Daneshmand, S. and Eggener, S.E., 2017. Adherence to National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines for testicular cancer.The Journal of urology,197(3), pp.684-689.

Women in the Late 19th/ Early 20th Century Socialist Movement Essay Example

Women in the Late 19th/ Early 20th Century Socialist Movement Essay The differences between the women of the working and middle class created a situation of conflict for the first wave of feminists, despite both groups shared intention of bettering the lives of women. The late nineteenth and early twentieth century socialist movements in Europe was no different, it attracted many people looking for a better life, including working class womens groups. Lily Braun was one of these women, however, in spite of her dedication she failed to be accepted by the working or middle class womens groups because her background and her radical ideas placed her outside the boundaries of both groups. The main points of contention between the working and middle class women were the means by which they sought to improve the lives of women. For working class women, this meant implementing laws to protect women in the workplace, and allowing them access to unions. Middle class women felt that any special treatment for women undermined their claim that women were equal to men, and rallied against legislation that would give women special treatment. Lily Braun, despite her status as an educated and middle class woman, sided with the working class womens idea of legal protection for working mothers, including maternity leave and outlawing hazardous work. This paper will begin with a brief discussion of the goals of working and middle class womens groups and why these similar goals lead to conflict between the groups and conclude with a discussion of how Lily Brauns unique feminism failed to find a niche within either group. For women of the new capitalist class, discrimination based on gender differences was blatantly obvious in their daily lives alongside men of their own class who had achieved many of the political, educational and economic rights that they were still, as women, unable to achieve. These were women who did not share all the privileges of aristocratic women, but who, unlike working-class women, saw all the discrimination they faced originating from their sex, rather than their class. In 1894, the bourgeois women’s movement came together as a loose federation in the League of German Women’s Associations (Bund Deutsche Frauenvereine). Bourgeois feminists concentrated forcefully on ‘equal rights’ issues, such as property rights, fighting to overturn legislation that held that a woman needed her husband’s permission to work outside the home; that she had to turn over to him all her property and income; and that she was under the legal guardianship of her fa ther, then her husband. We will write a custom essay sample on Women in the Late 19th/ Early 20th Century Socialist Movement specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Women in the Late 19th/ Early 20th Century Socialist Movement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Women in the Late 19th/ Early 20th Century Socialist Movement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In contrast to the middle class women’s movement’s concern over gender inequality, the working women’s movement focused on class structure as the root of their oppression. Capitalism’s drive to exploit labor as cheaply as possible, and a trend to shift production to the factory while social reproduction (taking care of workers, rearing children) remains within the home had not invented women’s oppression, but had made its own ‘woman question’ from sexual oppression inherited from previous class societies. At the founding congress of the Second International in 1889, Clara Zetkin argued that under capitalism, woman was enslaved to man, as the worker was to capital. Economic independence would enable working-class women to play their part in class struggle, but without pressing the struggle forward to socialism, this would only replace slavery to a man with slavery to an employer. So the key to achieving women’s emancipation was a fundamental change in property relations production had to be owned and controlled collectively, the household economy had to be socialized to free women from the domestic burden. The socialist program for women’s liberation had to be a program for the abolition of class society. In her book A Vindication of the rights of Women in 1972, Mary Wollstonecraft emphasized the need to clear prior errors most of her predecessors had made.   She referred to the middle class women which she belonged as easy to twist and obscure with stereotypic shenanigans which they (men) clearly understood was only to assist them remain in power unperturbed.   Most of the women in the middle class viewed immediate satisfaction being the opening of doors to work in different areas after a long period of suppression.   Arguably, this was a remarkable achievement; however, Wollstonecraft understood the long way they had to go before they could claim they were really free in deed.   After partly accessing the much desired resources by women, the conflict was evident as the capitalist higher class women could figure out that the most important aspect that should have been celebrated was the access to political power which could be used to fix their subsequent problems with ease.à ‚   Considered to be part of undermining the middle class women, she emphasized on the need to rise above the virtues and the common wants of affection that were traditionally thought to be derived from family integration and women submission to their husbands. European Consortium for Political Research (41-13) indicates that in order to ensure better and responsible reference to the women roles, the perfection of their nature and capability of happiness should have been estimated by the degree of reason, virtue and knowledge which distinguishes the individual as well as the laws which bind the society and therefore set a basic platform for coterminous evaluation.   However, this notion was overshadowed by a strong dark cloud which made their quest vague in the society.   Even after the direct agreement that their considerations required to be urgently addressed, the quest ebbed out after the initial achievements.   Scholars argue that poor leadership between women in the society formed the direct platform for the delayed quest of their rights.   Whereas most of them were at the middle class where leadership skills had mostly not been attained, the upper class group failed greatly in closing the gap.   Having been mostly born of t he high class, they had access to better education and therefore the capacity necessary for ensuring better articulation of their ideologies to others and the leadership.   However, this link was not offered as most of them looked at the system from an individualistic mode.   As a result, great differences arose from lack of effective harmonization and inclusion of all women’s contribution into the main call for the fight to their rights.   Human nature has been pointed out as one of the most resistant systems to change.   Even when the essence for change is very clear, strong reminders are required for direct application. According to Lily Braun Alfred Meyer (11-121), Bourgeois women’s work was difficult in application and had little to encourage togetherness among the women.   Women were generally less advantaged during their daily work and the course for natural duties.   Of greater stress were the married women who had to cope with family aspects and live with fast deterioration of their systems. Most of the men abused their wives and put them in worse conditions to support themselves after childbearing took off their much needed ability to work.   Besides, they were unable to support their growing children, effectively work and participate in the quest for their common rights.   Therefore, closer interlink and harmonic evaluation of the intrinsic effects was missing as an analytical tool to induce their quest.   By their nature, women had much more roles to play which were not recognized by the system and men in various positions of authority.   Arguably, the roles played by wo men were assumed and only women could tell the extent of the impacts to their lives in the society.   Lily Braun, Alfred G. Meyer (18-22) continue to say that the direct emphasis had to come from the women themselves and forcefully too if they wanted to achieve the much anticipated status in the society.   Similar to men, they were monolithic in approach which never subsided during the different problems.   During problems and quest for common desires, men were considered to have strong similarity which bound them together. Sociologists argue that during the late 19th century, the society was directly anchoring itself to ensure women were permanently imprisoned in domestic affairs with minimal external consideration for their development.   Arguably, most of the men supported the idea and viewed their wives as lesser spouses who were supposed to be involved more with domestic affairs as opposed to the â€Å"mens† work in offices.   This was not just depressing but morally wrong and drove women from both classes to quest for liberation from the common system that sought to devour them. However, differences in approach for solution to a single problem is considered to be highly fatal than the problem it seeks to address (Richards, 74-76).   Most of the bureaucrats saw a direct chance of articulating their weird ideologies that were highly destructive for them.   To ensure they remained relevant and supportive to the higher class ruling elite, divide and rule system was easily effected.   However, this mostly affected the majority of women who were in middle class.   Most of the upper working class were already enlightened and could not easily be divided as they had the much required resources and social status that the middle class was struggling to get.   Therefore, by promising better lifestyle to the later, they changed their approach to the common problem that was facing them prompting the contrast. Political setting during early 20th century portrayed a direct disrespect for human nature that was highly guided by gluttony driven by those in power.   At this time, political power and â€Å"leadership† was a reservation for men.   As indicated earlier, most of the women were looked down upon and their interests could only be represented by men in administration.   Considering the direct bureaucratic nature of men whose minds were mostly war driven by then, women had less space and consideration or success.   Arguably, it was this lack of political muscle that courted the undercurrents for dividing and deviating women’s quest for unity.   Men in authority saw threat from women unity as it dawned to them that women were more and could easily turn around the management and operations of their selfish systems.   Though this forms a strong debate that is far from over, most of the scholars argue that men played a bigger role in Lily Braun calls of unity than did women of different social classes. Conclusion Much is to be gained by studying the different perspectives and conflicts between bourgeois and proletariat women’s groups during the late nineteenth to early twentieth century, especially in context with their class based reaction to Marxism that set them at odds with one another.   We learn that what was collectively referred to as the â€Å"woman question† in those days, was actually a much more complex matter that was rooted in the differences between the upper and middle class. In fact, one can consider the position of the working class women as â€Å"reluctant feminists† because their main interest was escaping their enslavement to the capitalist bourgeois, it becomes clear why reconciliation between the two groups was impossible. However, feminists such as Lily Braun strove for unity between the two groups, knowing that a united front would catalyze the changes necessary to improve women’s position in society. Braun’s maverick tendencies ev entually lead to her downfall within the women’s movement, as both sides rejected her contributions that did not coincide with existing ideals. Looking back on Braun’s writing with a modern perspective allows her work to be fully appreciated as ahead of its time, despite the rejection she received from her peers. Braun’s proposal to combine the efforts of both bourgeois and proletariat women’s groups may have gone unheeded during her lifetime, and the policies both groups chose to implement as distinct factions surely lead to lost opportunities, however eliminating the class and gender bias is a problem still faced today. Perhaps, even in our modern times taking a second look at Braun would allow society to rise above these persisting issues and work to better society as a whole.

Analytical Essay Sample on the Play “Twelfth Night”

Analytical Essay Sample on the Play â€Å"Twelfth Night† The name of the play Twelfth Night refers to the last twelve days of Christmas that we hear in the song â€Å"The Last Day†. The song is heard so often over the Christmas period. â€Å"Twelfth Night was a time of revelry, high jinks, fantasy, madness and disruption of convention†, as you would know if you have heard the song. Shakespeare’s play Twelfth Night is relevant to the song as in his play there is a lot of foolishness and hidden identities that leads to a comedy play but with storylines of a lot of seriousness to them. The play starts with Viola’s and Sebastian’s boat being shipwrecked, leaving them to find their own way to shore. Viola arrives in Illyria later finding out that her twin brother (Sebastian) may be dead, as no one has seen him. This is a serious storyline as death is involved and this leaves Viola devastated and upset. Viola is determined to find out what happened to her brother and in a conversation she finds out that Olivia, the countess of Illyria has also lost a brother and hearing this she decides to disguise herself as a man to serve as a page in Orsino’s court. This is one of the many hidden identities that occur in the play. The hidden identity leads to mischief later on in the play. We then meat Sir Andrew Aguecheek, Sir Toby Belch and Maria who are in Olivia’s house drinking and being jolly. Malvolio then bursts through the door and takes a serious tone with them, he tells them off for their drunkenness and loudness. He turns and leaves the house angrily. Soon after his departure all three of them decide to play a trick on him. They start to plan their cunning plan. They decide that they are going to write a letter in Olivia’s handwriting telling Malvolio that she loves him and that she would love to see him in his yellow stockings and cross garters. When Malvolio receives the letter, he reads it allowed and is all chuffed with himself not knowing that Olivia didn’t send the letter. He then turns up to see Olivia with his yellow stockings and cross garters and he is a different man. Olivia thinks he has gone mad and she insists he is locked away in a dark room. This is an example of one of the comic storylines. This is a comedy storyline because Malvolio is tricked into believing that Olivia loves him and that she adores him when he wears his yellow stockings but in fact she hates yellow stockings and doesn’t have any interest in him what so ever. When he turns up all dressed up he makes a fool of himself and then to top it all off he is locked away in prison. This relates to the song because there is revelry and high jinks everywhere you look. Just from reading a few of the storylines already the play links together with the song. In both the play and the song there is mischief and laughter, the title of the play â€Å"Twelfth Night† refers to the play in the way that the characters behave and the laughter that they bring to the audience but not letting them forget the seriousness of the story. The play refers upon the last twelve days of Christmas and the celebrations that we have.

7 Classes and Types of Phrases

7 Classes and Types of Phrases 7 Classes and Types of Phrases 7 Classes and Types of Phrases By Mark Nichol Phrase is such a banal term for two or more words that convey an idea that it may surprise you that there are seven types of phrases, with variations. Here, with pertinent phrases in sample sentences formatted in boldface, is a rundown of the categories: 1. Absolute Phrase An absolute phrase is a modifying parenthetical or subordinate phrase of a root sentence that includes a subject but does not have an acting verb so cannot stand on its own as sentence: â€Å"Their effort to regain the lead successful, the team continued to score until they pulled ahead by a wide margin. 2. Appositive Phrase An appositive phrase is one that restates a preceding term, or expands or explains it, in a parenthetical statement. There are three variations of appositive phrases: â€Å"Her dog, a bull mastiff, looks ridiculous with a pink bow stuck to her head† features a noun phrase. â€Å"His favorite hobby, knitting, is rather unusual for a man† includes a gerund phrase. â€Å"The Tahitian’s ambition, to become an ice skater, is unexpected† has an infinitive phrase. Note that these three types of phrases are explained below; the distinction in the phrase types as applied above, as opposed to the types described below, is that each type serves as the basis for an appositive phrase; on their own, they need not be appositive, or set off. 3. Gerund Phrase A gerund phrase includes a verbal, a hybrid that functions as a noun (or adjective). There are three distinct functions: â€Å"Juggling knives is not recommended as a relaxation technique† includes a gerund phase as the subject of the sentence. â€Å"I’m going for a long walk off a short pier† features a gerund phrase as the sentence’s object. â€Å"She’s saving up for a vacation in Antarctica† has a gerund phrase as the object of a preposition. 4. Infinitive Phrase An infinitive phrase includes the word to and a verb as the basis of a modification of a root sentence: â€Å"His effort to pass the bill doomed his political ambitions† includes an infinitive phrase that functions as an adjective modifying the previous noun. â€Å"He plans to see the movie† features an infinitive phrase that functions as the sentence’s object. â€Å"To write of the experience is to dredge up unpleasant memories† has an infinitive phrase that functions as the sentence’s subject. â€Å"To say as much is to admit guilt† includes an infinitive phrase that serves as predicate nominative, or a substitute subject. â€Å"I went to the store to buy some ice cream† features an infinitive phrase that stands as an adverb (modifying the verb went). 5. Noun Phrase A noun phrase consists of a person, place, or thing and any modifiers: â€Å"This is a grammar lesson.† It may include one or more adjectives (as grammar modifies lesson here). It might include a noun and a modifying clause: â€Å"This is a lesson that explains the various types of phrases.† It might take the form of one of three other types of phrase: infinitive, participial, and prepositional. (The infinitive phrase is discussed above, and the latter two types are described below.) Many noun phrases are continuous; they consist of words in sequence. However, a noun phrase may be discontinuous, meaning that it is broken up into more than one element: â€Å"This lesson is one that explains the various types of phrases.† 6. Participial Phrase A participial phrase consists of verbals ending in -ing or -ed, or another irregular form of a verb, and serves as an adjective: The participial phrase in â€Å"Having been lied to before, I was wary† modifies the word I. The phrase may be parenthetical within a sentence, too: In â€Å"You, knowing what you now know, are in a better position to judge,† the participial phrase modifies the word you. 7. Prepositional Phrase A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition and a noun or pronoun that serves as the preposition’s object, and often one or more adjectives: â€Å"I went for a walk in the dark woods.† Prepositional phrases are often located at the head of a sentence. â€Å"When the sun went down, I hurried back.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Rhetorical Devices for Rational WritingAwoken or Awakened?20 Ways to Cry

Sustainable Marketing Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Sustainable Marketing - Coursework Example The firms need to keep in mind the simple equation of gaining advantage through providing goods and services to their customers. They should never lose its ends even though they are put into complications so as to maintain the profitability and future sustenance of the firm. The criticalities they face in such a run of employing sustainability marketing and still remaining profitable is the discussion topic of this report. Ultimately, it is explained that branding of the firm’s products is the sole aim for which the firm needs to perspire to achieve all its sustainability and profitability goals. From the organizational point of view, goals are met by satisfying individual goals of stakeholders while upholding the preservation, protection and conservation of the physical environment. Thus it should focus on business development and growth responsibility. On the basis of strategy, it is a view which is developed holistically in the minds of consumers, that the reward they pay does not affect adversely the natural and human well-being in the present and future. It is the responsibility of the organizations to manipulate the four elements of marketing mix (Product, price, place and promotion) to ensure optimum environmental benefits in the form of reduced waste and release of toxins and enhancing energy efficiency. (Anon., 2011) Reference to and different terminologies in use: The synonyms to the term could be described as â€Å"Green Marketing† to imply that it plans to develop a greener earth which can offer a promising future for the future generations. At the same time, it does not discourage consumption to be called as â€Å"Oxymoron† which means encouraging consumption in an eco-friendly manner. If pursued from strategic point, it is referred as ethical marketing. It stresses on the challenges that the world faces

Analysis and Interpretation of the Research Data Dissertation

Analysis and Interpretation of the Research Data - Dissertation Example 4.2 Respondent’s Profiles Following is the detailed discussion on the profiles of the respondents that participated in the research and supported to collect data through different means i.e., questionnaire, interviews and focus groups. 4.2.1 Profile of Teachers Surveyed The perspective view of the teaching staff at Willowbrook Primary School regarding the issue of student’s behavior and discipline is of prime importance for this study as the teachers have a direct impact on behavior and its management. Thus these views need to be analyzed. In coordination with the school management, in order to to gain valuable teacher and carer knowledge, sentiment and experience associated with behaviour issues, a questionnaire was developed and distributed to 20 in-school teachers responsible for children ranging from five years of age to 11 years. The questionnaires were completed in the free time of the teachers without compromising their primary teaching and classroom management r esponsibilities. The objectives of the research were explained prior to handing over the questionnaire. However, of the 20 questionnaires distributed, 17 were returned and/or deemed valid based on required completeness. Another attempt was made to collected the data from the remaining staff; however, these were not returned. The purpose of the questionnaire was gain information on opinion of the teaching staff on aspects of student’s behaviour and strategies for the behaviour management at primary level. The profile of the respondents is shown below in table 4.1. Total Number of Staff Number of Teachers Surveyed Males Females Percentage of Teaching Staff Surveyed 20 17 7 10 85 Table 1 : Profile of Teaching Staff Surveyed Figure 1 : Percentage of Teaching Staff Surveyed Figure 2 : Gender Distribution of Teaching Staff Surveyed Besides the questionnaire, a total of six teachers were also interviewed, which included three teachers having experience of 10 years or more, one more than 5 years while two having experience less than 1 year. Figure 3 : Experience of Teachers Interviewed 4.2.2 Profile of Students Surveyed Six students of age ranging between six to eleven years, representing equal proportion of both males and females, were interviewed as part of the survey. The students were selected because it was deemed important to get their views on the discipline in schools and its management. The students were selected based on their age and developmental stage enabling them to provide reasonable and clear responses to the interview questions. The students were selected based on the advice of school management. The parental content was sought prior to conducting the interview. The responses of students during the interview have been made part of this study and were handed over to school management to continue with the study. The interview mainly focused in determining the student’s perspective on effectiveness of reward and punishment system and the r ole of teachers in managing the classroom behavior. Age of Students Surveyed Number of Students Surveyed Males Females 6 to 11 6 3 3 Table 2 : Profile of Students Surveyed Figure 4 : Gender Distribution of Students Surveyed 4.2.3 Profile of Parents Surveyed Although parents have no direct role in management of classroom and student’s behavior at school, they do play a major contributory and supportive role. They are involved in

Principles of Democracy Essay Example for Free

Principles of Democracy Essay 1. Bill of Rights This document explains guaranteed freedoms to all people in the country and gives limited power to the government. It protects the people from a government who try to abuse its power. 2. Economic Freedom Economic freedom allows some private ownership of property and businesses. People are allowed to choose their own work and to join labor union. 3. Equality Equality is having all individuals valued equally, have equal opportunities, and no discrimination of their race, religion, ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation. All people are equal before the law and have equal protection of the law without discrimination. 4. Human Rights Movement: Everyone has the right to move within the borders of their country and to leave and return to his or her country. Religion: Everyone has the freedom of thought, conscience, and religion. The people can change their religion or not worship or hold religious beliefs. Speech: Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression. Assembly: Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression. 5. Multi-Party Systems A multi-party system allows for organized opposition to the party that wins the election. It provides the government with different viewpoints on issues and provides voters with a choice of candidates, parties, and policies. 6. Regular Free and Fair Elections Elected officials are chosen by the people in a free and fair manner. Regardless of the people’s race, gender, ethnicity, and level of wealth, most adult citizens should have the right to vote and to run for office. 7. The Rule of Law No one is above the law. Everyone must obey the law and will be held accountable if they violate it including a king, president, police officer, or member of the military.

Society Versus the Individual in Gather Together in My Name :: Gather Together in My Name Essays

Society Versus the Individual in Gather Together in My Name "I reassured myself. I was helping my man. And, after all, there was nothing wrong with sex. I had no need for shame. Society dictated that sex was only licensed by marriage documents. Well, I didn't agree with that. Society is a conglomerate of human beings and that's just what I was. A human being." What we have here from Maya Angelou's novel, Gather Together in My Name, is the basic battle of society against the individual. Who wins? Well, according to Angelou, the answer is no one wins because everyone loses. It is this particular theme that needs to be addressed the most for two reasons. One is that Maya Angelou is one of the first black females to write about the "Ritas" of the world. The second, which is the one under investigation in this essay, is in reference to John Oliver Killens' criticism, "This is the story of a great heroine who knows the meaning of a struggle and never loses her pride or dignity. Indeed, her story makes me proud of the human race." "I had no idea what I was going to make of my life, but I had given a promise and found my innocence. I swore I'd never lose it again." Those words spoken by Rita at the end of the novel seem to support Killens' appraisal. However, while an eighteen-year-old mother, who has had numerous failures and even a greater number of affairs, may know "the meaning of a struggle" quite well, it is not so that she never loses her pride or dignity. In fact, it is doubtful as to whether or not, even by the stories end, she has yet found it. One may argue that she found her pride and dignity after she stopped smoking pot or after she stopped prostituting or after (about the fifth time) she promised herself she would get her life together. Unfortunately, none of these are valid, for Rita did not actually discontinue the use of pot, she just ran out. Rita sleeps with a drug addict named Troubadour Martin for the security she thought she would receive from him.

Why Is Media Effects Important

16 CHAPTER 1 paradigm† (Gitlin, 1978), more powerful, yet subtle effects, such as social control, manufacturing of consent, and reluctance to challenge the status quo, are unable to be studied; so they are ignored. WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO STUDY MEDIA EFFECTS With all these questions about the existence and substance of media effects, why is it important to continue to study them? Students in introductory mass communication courses are often reminded that mass communication is functional in society (Wright, 1986) and an important field of study because of its role as a major societal institution.Mass communication is an important economic force in the United States. In 1993, the entertainment industry alone (movies, music, cable television, and home video) brought an estimated $50 billion into the U. S. economy. Network television advertising added an additional $30 billion (Warner, 1993). Mass communication is also an important political force, acting as a watchdog over official actions and as the platform for political information and activity. The Watergate scandal, for example, was brought to light by the Washington Post and the Pentagon papers were first published by the New York Times.Political campaigns are now built around television. In 1992, the Republicans spent two-thirds of their budget on television advertisements for George Bush. Talk shows and news program coverage are crucial to campaigns. Our political leaders contact the public primarily through the mass media—press conferences, political talks. Ronald Reagan noticed that there was little political news that was made during the weekends, so he (an old radio announcer, himself) began to make radio addresses about various issues on Saturday mornings.These addresses got so much news coverage (Martin, 1984), in part because there was so little else happening, that Saturday morning radio talks are a current presidential practice. At the same time, mass media are a major source of entert ainment and the main source for news for most people. In 1995, a majority of people in the United States turned to media for news: 70. 3% were regular viewers of local television news, 67. 3% were regular viewers of network television news, and 59. 3% read a daily newspaper. In INTRODUCTION 17 addition, 48. % listened regularly to radio news and 31. 4% read a news magazine regularly (Stempel & Hargrove, 1996). Beyond the importance of mass communication in society, there are two main reasons for continuing to study media effects. The first reason is theoretical. Although most scholars acknowledge that mass media effects can occur, we still don’t know the magnitude and inevitability of the effects. That is, we don’t know how powerful the media are among the range of other forces in society. And, we don’t know all the conditions that enhance or mitigate various effects.Most importantly, we don’t understand all the processes by which mass communication can l ead to various effects. Research in media effects must continue to add to our knowledge. A second reason for studying media effects is practical and policy oriented. If we can elaborate the conditions and understand the various processes of media effects—how media effects occur—we can use that knowledge. At a practical level, understanding the processes of media effects will allow media practitioners to create effective messages to achieve political, advertising, and public relations-oriented goals.Additionally, agencies will be able to formulate media campaigns to promote prosocial aims and benefit society as a whole. That is, understanding the processes of media effects will allow media practitioners to increase the likelihood of prosocial media effects. Most importantly, understanding how media effects occur will give parents, educators, and public officials other tools to fight negative media effects. If we understand the processes of media effects, we will also un derstand how to mitigate negative effects.No longer will changing or restricting media content be the only methods to stop media effects. We will be able to mitigate negative media effects by also targeting aspects of the process of impact. WAYS TO CONCEPTUALIZE MEDIA EFFECTS: DIMENSIONS OF MEDIA EFFECTS Over the years, scholars have suggested that it is useful to analyze media effects along specific dimensions (Anderson & Meyer, 1988; Chaffee, 1977; McGuire, 1986; J. M. McLeod, Kosicki, & Pan, 1991; J. M. McLeod & Reeves, 1980; Roberts & Maccoby, 1985).Some of the dimensions delineate the type of effect; other dimensions elaborate the conditions of media impact. 18 CHAPTER 1 Cognitive-Affective-Behavioral Dimension Media effects are commonly described along a cognitive-affectivebehavioral dimension, which marks a distinction between acquisition of knowledge about an action and performance of the action. Mass communication scholars have been greatly influenced by persuasion models t hat see human action as logical and driven by cognition (e. g. , McGuire, 1985).This dimension is important in keeping scholars from assuming that knowledge and attitudes translate directly into action. Persuasion research during World War II, for example, found that although media content may be quite effective at teaching information, it had less influence on attitude formation and motivation to act (Hovland, Lumsdaine, & Sheffield, 1949). The Theory of Reasoned Action (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975) posits that, although knowledge and attitudes have some impact on behavior, their influence is mediated (or eliminated) by social constraints.Micro- Versus Macrolevel Another dimension that describes the type of effect is one that focuses on the level of media influence: micro- versus macrolevel. Most concern about media effects focuses on impressionable audiences and has been grounded in psychological approaches. So, there is a wealth of research on media effects at the individual, or micro level. It is a fallacy, however, to assume that all media effects are accumulations of individual-level effects.Scholars recognize that a focus solely on individual-level media effects can obscure more subtle societal-level effects. Research on the effects of Sesame Street, for example, showed that children of all socioecomic status (SES) classes learned from the program. But, that learning led to another, unintended effect: a widening gap in knowledge between higher and lower SES groups. Although all children learned from the program, children from higher SES families learned at a faster rate (Cook et al. , 1975).So, individual knowledge gain may lead to greater inequities in society. Another area in which an accumulation of individual-level effects might conceal more macrolevel effects is news learning. Although many researchers have uncovered various media-related influences on public-affairs knowledge (e. g. , J. P. Robinson & Levy, 1986, 1996), these studies cannot assess the c ompleteness, accuracy, or objectivity of media’s presentations about public affairs. Several scholars argue that larger influences on news gathering and reporting may make INTRODUCTION 19 ndividual-level knowledge effects inconsequential because news sources and practices present only limited public affairs information to the public (e. g. , Gitlin, 1980; Herman & Chomsky, 1988; Tuchman, 1978). So, knowledge gain by individuals may not necessarily be functional for society. Several important effects of mass media maybe at the societal, institutional, or cultural level. Over the years, for example, the expanding telecommunications revolution has changed, and no doubt will continue to affect how political campaigns and the workings of govern-ment are conducted.Clearly, scholars need to consider various levels of media impact. Intentional Versus Unintentional Another dimension of media effects directs scholars to consider whether the effects are intended versus unintended planned for or accidental. Although this dimension is a descriptive one, it also offers some insights in the processes of media impact. For example, the development of knowledge gaps between high and lower SES children who watched Sesame Street is generally considered an unintended effect of the flow of media information. So, cholars and media policymakers study ways to close accidental knowledge gaps by increasing access to a variety of sources of information, by making information more relevant to lower SES groups, or by increasing the motivation of lower SES audience members to seek additional information. The identification of these knowledge-gap effects as accidental, then, has led scholars to focus on how knowledge is carried by the mass media, how audiences access that knowledge, and how people use media-delivered information. Another example of the relevance of the intended versus unintended dimension is one effect of television violence.The cultivation hypothesis suggests that one, often overlooked, effect of television violence is that it affects social perceptions of heavy viewers and leads those groups who are victimized in television drama to feel fearful, alienated from society, and distrusting of others (Gerbner & Gross, 1976; Gerbner et al. , 1994). If scholars believe that these effects are unintentional due to the conventions of television drama production, they might advocate certain remedies to help mitigate these effects, such as television program ratings to help fearful people avoid certain programs or to help parents screen what their children watch.If, on the other 20 CHAPTER 1 hand, scholars believe that cultivation is an intentional effect designed to reinforce the existing power structure in society by structuring reality for women and minorities so that they avoid involvement in political affairs, possible solutions would be quite different. Those scholars (at the very least) would be less trusting of television program ratings af fixed by television producers and probably not advocate that sort of solution to cultivation effects. Studying unintended effects can be a way of increasing media effectiveness.Dramatic story lines in soap operas and telenovelas have been found to not only captivate their audiences but bring about knowledge gain and some prosocial attitudinal effects (e. g. , Singhal & Rogers, 1989). So this dimension of media effects directs scholars to search for a range of effects, beyond those planned for the media producers. Content-Dependent Versus Content-Irrelevant The content-dependent versus a content- irrelevant distinction reflects the impact of specific classes of media content as opposed to the impact of media use itself.The most visible media effects research has focused on the effects of specific media content, such as stereotypes, violence, and pornography. This research assumes that specific content is linked to specific effects. As J. M. McLeod and Reeves (1980) paraphrase the nut ritional analogy, â€Å"We are what we eat†: We are what we watch. So, one way to reduce aggressive behavior in children would be to reduce the amount of violent media content that they read or watch.Or, one way to reduce sexual aggression against women would be to reduce access to media content that depicts violence against women. Although there is a good deal of evidence of the effects of specific media content, scholars should also be aware that some effects are due less to specific media content, and more to the form of the content or the act of media use. Displacement effects are a commonly identified content-irrelevant effect. Lazarsfeld and Merton (1948) suggested that political involvement could suffer if people become politically â€Å"narcotized. That is, public affairs media use might replace real political action and some people might be informed, but politically apathetic. Watching television has been attributed with lower academic achievement because children a re replacing homework and study with television watching (Armstrong & Greenberg, 1990; Hornik, 1978). INTRODUCTION 21 Other content-irrelevant effects maybe due to the form of the media presentation. Tavris (1988) is one writer who has suggested that television’s regular commercial interruptions has led to shorter attention spans.Scholars (Shannon & Weaver, 1949) investigating how information theory is relevant to media effects have found that the randomness of television’s formal features are connected to aggressive responses (Watt & Krull, 1977). Kozma (1991) speculated how the form and use of different media lead to different learning styles and outcomes. And there is a good deal of evidence that arousing media content, whether it is violent, pornographic, or suspenseful, can lead to similar excitation effects (Zillmann, 1980, 1982).In order to understand how media effects occur, we need to uncover, first, if they are content-relevant or content-irrelevant. Short Te rm Versus Long Term Media effects can be long or short term. This dimension is not only a descriptive one, but also helps describe the process of media effects. When we examine media effects, we need to question how long the effect is theoretically expected to last. Some effects, such as increased arousal (or relaxation) are relatively short term, and disappear quickly. Others, such as agenda setting, may last somewhat longer, but may disappear as the media agenda changes.Still other effects, such as the social learning of aggressive behavior, are expected to be fairly enduring, especially if the aggressive behavior, once performed, is rewarded. Some theories do not specify the persistence of their effects. Do the stereotypes that children learn from television persist even as children watch less and less television as they get older? How long do the effects of televised political ads (and their associated voting intentions) last? What are the possibilities that new ads (and new inf ormation) will change voting intentions?And what are the implications of differing periods of influence? Clearly, short-term effects can have a profound impact. If, for example, a short-term arousal effect of a violent film leads someone to get involved in a fight, permanent injury could result. But, if agenda-setting effects last only as long as an issue stays near the top of the media agenda, what long-lasting impacts can result? Media effects scholars should be clear in specifying the duration of the effects that they study. 22 CHAPTER 1 Reinforcement Versus Change A final dimension of media effects is that of reinforcement versus change.Does media exposure alter or stabilize? The most visible media effects studies focus on how media content or exposure changes the audience (or society or culture). For example, we are concerned how placid children might be changed into aggressive ones by watching violent cartoons. Or that respectful men will change into uncaring desensitized oafs through exposure to pornography. Or that voters might have their political values adjusted through exposure to political ads. Or that ignorant citizens will become knowledgeable through exposure to public affairs news.And so on. There is evidence, though, that communication’s strongest effect, overall, is reinforcement and stabilization. Selective exposure leads people to prefer media messages that reinforce their preexisting views. Selective perception points out that people interpret media content to reinforce their attitudes. Because it is often easier to observe change than reinforcement, we often neglect media’s power to stabilize. Advertisements that keep supporters active in a political campaign and keep them from wavering in support yield important effects.Media content that reinforces the already existing aggressive tendencies of a young boy may be an even more important influence than prosocial messages that have little impact. We must be careful not to equa te reinforcement effects with null effects. CONCLUSION The study of media effects is grounded in the belief that mass communication has noticeable effects on individuals, society, and culture. Evidence for these effects, though, is problematic. On one hand, despite consistence findings of effects, the variance accounted for is typically small.Moreover, the strongest effects are usually relegated to laboratory settings, which are highly artificial settings. There are, however, several reasons to expect that research underestimates media effects. Our models, theories, and methods are still imprecise; we still cannot offer complete explanations for media effects. The study of media effects remains important so that we can increase understanding of the role mass communication plays in shaping our lives. Awareness of the process of media effects will allow us to use mass communication effectively—to maximize desirable outcomes and minimize negative effects.

Google Case Study

Katherine Carter Strategies and Policies Case Study 8 Internet Search and the Growth of Google In 1997 the domain name google. com was registered by two Stanford students name Sergey Bring and Larry Page. In 1998, it became a privately owned, incorporated company known as Google Inc. Within 6 years of its inception, Google acquired 75% of US web search market. Even the word â€Å"google†, became a verb in our society as one would say, â€Å"let’s google him! †. Google revolutionized the internet search industry by charging its advertisers differently that ever done before.First, they auctioned off certain â€Å"key words† and when such key words were typed in a query, web users were directed to those advertisers web page. In addition, advertisers were charged on a â€Å"per click† based upon how many users actually clicked on their page. By 2010, 70% of all internet advertising was being spent at Google. That same year, Google had $29. 8 Billion in revenues with $8. 5 billion in net profit. Google’s mission is to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful.The Google we know organizes the world’s internet information and makes it accessible to us via its search engines using algorithms and state of the art technology. Even though Google currently at the top of their field currently, they still have competitors. Their business model must be changed continually to stay abreast of new ideas, new technology, and new competitors. Strengths Most efficient search engine on internet Brand equity – most recognized brand name Needs very little end user marketing Very strong R and D skillsProvides an interface to approximately 88 languages State of art technology Not biased towards advertisers Ability to manage strategic change Executive Management Large cash flow Default search engine for many Innovative culture Comprehensive product mix Weaknesses Business model is complex Eccentric practices confuse/anger investors Poor product marketing Inappropriate organization Growth without direction Cumbersome hiring practices Opportunities Increase demand for information International market Computer literacy on the rise Expands profits with diversificationExploits new market segments Applies R and D skills in new areas Enters into new related businesses Applies brand name capital in new areas Seeks fast market growth Threats Legal challenges Multi industry competition Specialized search engines Click fraud Advertising space becoming more competitive RECOMENDATIONS Internet advertising is expected to continue to grow with search based advertising to account for 41. 2% of all U. S. Online advertising. Google will need to maintain its market dominance in order to stay on top of this game.As evidenced by Microsoft, who spent and lost billions attempting to build a search engine to complete with Google, it is most likely that competition will ultimately come from cooperation amoungs competitors. Recently, Microsoft and Yahoo have teamed up. Facebook also presents a threat to Google as it currently has in excess of 750 million users. Microsoft has invested over $210 million in Facebook. In order to continue to dominate, Google must continue to increase its offering of services such as e-mail (g-mail), a calendar, and photo sharing.This will lead to further loyalty with users. They must also continue to search for new areas of income thus diversifying. As example of this is â€Å"google apps† and the word processing program â€Å"Writely†, both developed to compete with Microsoft. Another example is the Google’s operating system for smart phones known as Android. Android let the market with a 31. 5% share of all smart phones sold in 2011. Analysts contend that Google’s new product offerings have a mixed success record. Google must refine their R and D to pick more winners to be developed and offered to end users.Thi s mixed review of new products no doubt stems from the current corporate structure. It is reported that there is no current efficient allocation of corporate personnel resources and massive duplication amongst those resources. This and other employment strategies must be addressed. Google must also search for future partners to team with to further broaden income and user loyalty. An example of a partnership is the one between Google and U Tube. Should Google not find and further these potential partnerships, it competitors surely will. Google Case Study Katherine Carter Strategies and Policies Case Study 8 Internet Search and the Growth of Google In 1997 the domain name google. com was registered by two Stanford students name Sergey Bring and Larry Page. In 1998, it became a privately owned, incorporated company known as Google Inc. Within 6 years of its inception, Google acquired 75% of US web search market. Even the word â€Å"google†, became a verb in our society as one would say, â€Å"let’s google him! †. Google revolutionized the internet search industry by charging its advertisers differently that ever done before.First, they auctioned off certain â€Å"key words† and when such key words were typed in a query, web users were directed to those advertisers web page. In addition, advertisers were charged on a â€Å"per click† based upon how many users actually clicked on their page. By 2010, 70% of all internet advertising was being spent at Google. That same year, Google had $29. 8 Billion in revenues with $8. 5 billion in net profit. Google’s mission is to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful.The Google we know organizes the world’s internet information and makes it accessible to us via its search engines using algorithms and state of the art technology. Even though Google currently at the top of their field currently, they still have competitors. Their business model must be changed continually to stay abreast of new ideas, new technology, and new competitors. Strengths Most efficient search engine on internet Brand equity – most recognized brand name Needs very little end user marketing Very strong R and D skillsProvides an interface to approximately 88 languages State of art technology Not biased towards advertisers Ability to manage strategic change Executive Management Large cash flow Default search engine for many Innovative culture Comprehensive product mix Weaknesses Business model is complex Eccentric practices confuse/anger investors Poor product marketing Inappropriate organization Growth without direction Cumbersome hiring practices Opportunities Increase demand for information International market Computer literacy on the rise Expands profits with diversificationExploits new market segments Applies R and D skills in new areas Enters into new related businesses Applies brand name capital in new areas Seeks fast market growth Threats Legal challenges Multi industry competition Specialized search engines Click fraud Advertising space becoming more competitive RECOMENDATIONS Internet advertising is expected to continue to grow with search based advertising to account for 41. 2% of all U. S. Online advertising. Google will need to maintain its market dominance in order to stay on top of this game.As evidenced by Microsoft, who spent and lost billions attempting to build a search engine to complete with Google, it is most likely that competition will ultimately come from cooperation amoungs competitors. Recently, Microsoft and Yahoo have teamed up. Facebook also presents a threat to Google as it currently has in excess of 750 million users. Microsoft has invested over $210 million in Facebook. In order to continue to dominate, Google must continue to increase its offering of services such as e-mail (g-mail), a calendar, and photo sharing.This will lead to further loyalty with users. They must also continue to search for new areas of income thus diversifying. As example of this is â€Å"google apps† and the word processing program â€Å"Writely†, both developed to compete with Microsoft. Another example is the Google’s operating system for smart phones known as Android. Android let the market with a 31. 5% share of all smart phones sold in 2011. Analysts contend that Google’s new product offerings have a mixed success record. Google must refine their R and D to pick more winners to be developed and offered to end users.Thi s mixed review of new products no doubt stems from the current corporate structure. It is reported that there is no current efficient allocation of corporate personnel resources and massive duplication amongst those resources. This and other employment strategies must be addressed. Google must also search for future partners to team with to further broaden income and user loyalty. An example of a partnership is the one between Google and U Tube. Should Google not find and further these potential partnerships, it competitors surely will.

Free Essays on Developing The Leader Within You

â€Å"Developing The Leader Within You† John Maxwell’s book â€Å"Developing The Leader Within You† gives basic instructions for developing leadership skills. The author believes that leadership skills are not necessarily in-born, but can and should be developed. Maxwell teaches that even natural leaders need to learn appropriate leadership skills in order to maximize their potential. Leadership is defined as influence or the ability to get followers. Maxwell’s favorite leadership proverb is: "He who thinketh he leadeth and hath no one following him is only taking a walk." Everyone influences someone. All of us are leading in some areas, while in other areas we are being led. No one person is excluded from being a leader or a follower. Sociologists tell us that even the most introverted individual will influence ten thousand other people during his or her lifetime. In any situation there is a prominent influencer. This may change with a different group of people or a different situation. For example a mother may be the dominant influencer over a child in the morning. The child may become the influencer of other children once school begins. It’s pretty easy to pick out the influencer of any group. If an issue is to be decided, who is the person whose opinion seems most valuable? Maxwell describes the levels of leadership: Level 1: Position Basic level of leadership. Influence is basically from title or position. Level 2: Permission This level of influence is the ability to get someone to do something for you when they are not obligated. This level is based on interrelationships. The focus is on people development. Level 3: Production People are more results oriented. They come together to accomplish goals. Level 4: People Development This level can be recognized because his/her people consistently demonstrate superior performances. Level 5: Personhood People follow because of who you are and wha... Free Essays on Developing The Leader Within You Free Essays on Developing The Leader Within You â€Å"Developing The Leader Within You† John Maxwell’s book â€Å"Developing The Leader Within You† gives basic instructions for developing leadership skills. The author believes that leadership skills are not necessarily in-born, but can and should be developed. Maxwell teaches that even natural leaders need to learn appropriate leadership skills in order to maximize their potential. Leadership is defined as influence or the ability to get followers. Maxwell’s favorite leadership proverb is: "He who thinketh he leadeth and hath no one following him is only taking a walk." Everyone influences someone. All of us are leading in some areas, while in other areas we are being led. No one person is excluded from being a leader or a follower. Sociologists tell us that even the most introverted individual will influence ten thousand other people during his or her lifetime. In any situation there is a prominent influencer. This may change with a different group of people or a different situation. For example a mother may be the dominant influencer over a child in the morning. The child may become the influencer of other children once school begins. It’s pretty easy to pick out the influencer of any group. If an issue is to be decided, who is the person whose opinion seems most valuable? Maxwell describes the levels of leadership: Level 1: Position Basic level of leadership. Influence is basically from title or position. Level 2: Permission This level of influence is the ability to get someone to do something for you when they are not obligated. This level is based on interrelationships. The focus is on people development. Level 3: Production People are more results oriented. They come together to accomplish goals. Level 4: People Development This level can be recognized because his/her people consistently demonstrate superior performances. Level 5: Personhood People follow because of who you are and wha...

Short Essay on Nelson Mandela

Short Essay on Nelson Mandela Short Essay on Nelson Mandela Nelson Mandela was a popular figure not only in South Africa but in the whole world, and this was mostly because of what he stood for and symbolized in life. Nelson Mandela, or Rolihlahla Mandela, was born on the 18th day of July in the year 1918 and adopted the name Nelson after he was named so by a teacher in the school where he was learning as a young boy. Nelson was born in the Transkei area of South Africa. Transkei is an area characterized by numerous mountains, grasslands and valleys. The area is located on the southwestern part of South Africa. Mandela’s father, Henry Mandela, was a tribal chief of the Tembu tribe and together with his wife and Mandela’s mother, Fanny, were related to the royal family of Tembu. Mandela, however, grew up without his father because his father passed on when he was only 9 years old. After which, an acting chief of the Tembu tribe raised him. Mandela received his basic education in a mission school where he excelled in his education and later attended college. While in school and college, Mandela enjoyed a variety of sporting activities, including running and boxing. While at the University of Fort Hare, Mandela trained as a lawyer and among his friends in law school was Oliver Tambo. Mandela, however, moved away from the law school in 1939 after students held a series of demonstrations in protest of the way the law school was run. Even though the custom required that his parents select for him a wife, Mandela did not want to abide by this custom of arranged marriages and he therefore left his home area and went to Johannesburg. It is in the city of Johannesburg that Mandela completed his studies and eventually became a qualified lawyer. It was after his education that Mandela decided to become more involved in finding solutions to the many problems that plagued the South Africans, in particular, the black-skinned South Africans. South Africa comprises mostly black individuals but there are also some European and Asian people in the South African community. The Dutch, also known as the Boers, came into South Africa in 1652 and it is they that colonized the nation up to 1815, when Britain took over the nation and made it part of the then expanding British empire. Even though the foreigners brought a lot of improvement to South Africa, the natives and the foreigners did not always live in peace and there were many instances when war broke out between the two communities. Often, the blacks did not have any say in the way South Africa was ruled and were heavily segregated under what came to be known as apartheid. It was this unfair treatment of blacks that drove Mandela to join and become an active participant of the ANC party in 1944. Mandela, Tambo and many other individuals then used the ANC as a vehicle to fight apartheid and finally give South Africans much needed freedom. How to write a short essay about Nelson Mandela: One of the ways of writing a short essay is to, first, draft a regular sized one and then make it more concise when rewriting it into the final draft. There is no need in wordy descriptions and long introductions; be straight to the point in all your arguments. It is also recommended, when writing a short essay, to address your argument to the general audience, rather than a specific group of people. This way, you can predict what questions your audience might have, while reading your essay. Our essay writing service is developed to provide students with custom written essays of the highest quality. All you need is to contact our website now!

English class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

English class - Essay Example The desire to contribute to the technical world is mounting in the young minds. They are motivated and inspired to provide their innovative ideas in the field of engineering and therefore School of Engineering was the best opportunity to enable these aspiring talents to procure their degrees and make their ways in the field of engineering. The School of Engineering was opened in the spring of 2008 in the span of 115,000 square foot area with finest lecture halls and 60 research as well as teaching laboratories. This also encompasses study spaces, classrooms and faculty offices as well. The young talents also want to put their share of contribution in the field of business and they are keen in providing a new dimension to the field of business and their dealings in a novel paradigm. Keeping this in view, School of Business was opened in January 2008 in a wide area of 145,000 sq. ft. The area encompasses classrooms in traditional manner with faculty offices a trading room as well as ca pital markets center. It also encompasses common rooms for students where they can share their views and thoughts in a more informal manner. It also keeps in view that recreation is must for the process of learning and therefore it also includes cafe for refreshing self and also for relaxing mind to accommodate and contribute more towards learning process. It also emphasize on the collaborative learning process as well as team discussions.